Wheat is one of the major cereal crops grown across India, and proper irrigation plays a key role in getting good tillering, healthy spikes, and higher grain yield. Although wheat is more tolerant to cool and dry conditions, the crop still needs timely watering at specific growth stages. Many farmers face problems like poor germination, weak plants, yellowing, or shrivelled grains mainly because irrigation is either delayed or applied at the wrong time. Understanding when and how much to irrigate can greatly improve wheat productivity.
1. Importance of soil moisture at sowing
For wheat, the first requirement is good soil moisture at sowing time. A properly irrigated and well-prepared seedbed helps in uniform germination and quick root establishment. If the soil is dry, pre-sowing irrigation should be given 7–10 days before sowing. This helps settle the soil, supports easy drilling, and encourages early root penetration.
2. Critical irrigation stages
Wheat does not need irrigation every week, but it must receive water at certain critical stages. These stages have the highest effect on yield:
Crown Root Initiation (CRI) – Around 20–25 days after sowing.
This is the most important irrigation for wheat. Without proper moisture at CRI, the plant develops fewer tillers, resulting in lower yield.
Tillering stage – Around 40–45 days after sowing.
Adequate moisture helps the plant produce more productive tillers.
Jointing/Booting stage – Around 60–65 days after sowing.
Water supports the development of the stem and future ear head.
Flowering stage – Around 80–85 days after sowing.
Moisture at this time helps in better pollination and spike development.
Milk/Grain filling stage – Around 100–105 days after sowing.
This irrigation ensures bold grains and prevents shrivelling.
If water is limited, the most critical stage to never miss is CRI, followed by flowering and grain filling.
3. How much water to apply
Wheat requires around 5–6 irrigations in most regions, depending on soil type and climate.
Light soils (sandy): Require more frequent but lighter irrigations as they lose moisture quickly.
Heavy soils (clay/loam): Need fewer irrigations because they retain moisture longer.
Avoid over-irrigation, as standing water or waterlogging reduces oxygen in the soil, damages roots, and encourages fungal diseases.
4. Methods of irrigation
Flood irrigation: Common method but results in water wastage and uneven distribution.
Furrow irrigation: Better than flood; allows controlled water application.
Sprinkler irrigation: Saves water and provides uniform irrigation, especially suitable for undulating fields.
Drip irrigation: Less common in wheat but very effective in saving water and improving nutrient use.
5. Importance of weed and nutrient management with irrigation
Weeds grow fast in moist conditions and compete with wheat for water and nutrients. Keeping the field weed-free during the first 45–50 days helps ensure the crop uses irrigation effectively. Applying fertilizers just before irrigation also improves nutrient availability.
6. Avoid irrigation during certain conditions
Avoid irrigation during very cold nights to prevent frost injury.
Avoid waterlogging at any stage.
Stop irrigation 10–15 days before harvest to maintain grain quality and reduce lodging.
